TMM

1. Gould defines biological determinism as groups in different social or economic status in an accurate reflection of biology. (that groups race, sex, classification)
2. The two major sources of data used as support is craniometry and certain styles of psychological testing.
3. They invoke that science is purely objective and is seen as harsh truth when it comes to the different races.
4. According to Gould biological determinism is useful for groups in power.
5. According to Gould the adherents of biological determination changes to the system are both an enormous cost for individuals psychologically and an enormous cost for society economically.
6. Gould’s arguments against BD begins by attacking the fallacy of reification and ranking.
7. Gould is writing about the fallacies of quantifying intelligence with a single number for each person and the use of that number to rank groups of people and oppressing the lower groups
8. “influential and that scientists believed that they were pursuing unsullied truth”
9. Gould means that it looks at a groups status and determines where they should and must be in order to be seen as equals.

PvF

1. The problems with some of these laws were that they were made to keep races separate but there were already people of mixed race.
2. Tourgee wanted the supreme court to rule that segregation laws were unconstitutional
3. Because he was mixed and Tourgee wanted to challenge the classification of colored.
4. John Ferguson ruled in favor of Desdunes because he was on an interstate train and that the state couldn’t for its law on what is a federal law. He rule against Plessy because he was on an intrastate train and could therefore enforce the law.
5. A political right is a right provided to the citizens by the government. A social right is a right that people have to whom they want to associate or appear soically/publically. A civil right is a grey area where the government decides that a social right is important enough to be applied to everyone.
6. Congress passes a civil rights act because of “black codes” that were made because the 13th was too vague and congress wanted to make sure that african americans had these rights like everyone else.
7. It shifted the final appeal from the states to the federal government (i.e. States power was weakened)
8. It was white butchers from Louisiana that first brought up the 13th and 14th amendments to the supreme court.