140-149

• Du Bois explains the double consciousness of black americans at because they were labeled in a way to feel insecure about their true identity and they are constantly looking at the world through the eyes of white americans instead of themselves
• A question he got asked a lot was “How does it feel to be a problem” and this essay is a response to that
• Say that he wishes he can be both black and American without being discriminated against
• Throughout American history blacks have be continuously disappointed with the promise of being free but white americans don’t follow through
• The ending is that segregation should end because the two races will complement each other and be able to improve both sides weaknesses/flaws

76-101

• It wasn’t until 1911 until someone challenged scientific racism (Franz Boas was this guy)
• The main question by Hoffman is that interracial mixing is having a negative effect on the population
• References the “law of similarity” a lot meaning people naturally want to be with people similar/looks like them
• He states that children of mixed parents are morally and physically inferior
• He uses data on vital capacity of white, pure blacks, and mixed to come to this conclusion
• He uses skull measurements of whites, pure blacks, and mixed to come to the conclusion that mixed people are more intelligent than pure blacks
• Says that this cross breading leads to an increased mortality rate and increase of deadly diseases in the mixed population
• Blames unintelligent white men for the increase rate in prostitution of mixed women
• Uses birth rates between Christians and Jews to say that the breading of people of different religions don’t work/less fertile than pure breading. Draws parallels of people of different races
• Some people had an opinion that interracial intercourse has decreased post war than during slavery
• Uses marriage rates of mixed couples and comparing them to all marriages to conclude that mixed marriages are on the decline. Both races in favor of separation
• Hoffman believes that “unlawful intercourse” between mixed races is at an all time high especially in the city
• Concludes through personal experience that people who get into interracial marriages that both people are not good people (in most cases)

TMM

• Morton claimed that he could 100% classify the skulls that were uncovered in Egypt and he unintentionally places skulls that appeared to have a large brain in the Caucasian group and flatter skulls in other groups
• Morton did not account for sex/body size difference that would lead to bigger skulls so the data is skewed to favor his prejudice
• His prejudice is more prevalent when comparing the seed measurement to lead shot measurements in that black skulls by far had a larger discrepancy to fit is preconceived ideas
• If all of mortons data is corrected then it shows that there is not a significant difference in skull sized between different race groups
• The south appreciated mortons work but did not openly except it because it conflicts with the bible
• Polygeny was not needed to support the uses of slavery in the south, there were in some cases doctors that made up diseases to explain slaves behavior/physical problems